Everything about Occupancy totally explained
Occupancy is a defined
legal term in
building construction and
building codes. It refers to the use or intended use of a building or part thereof for the shelter or support of persons, animals or property. A closely-related meaning is the number of units in such a building that are
rented or
leased, or otherwise in-use. The lack of occupancy in this sense is a
vacancy.
Building code
It is possible to have multiple occupancies (or building uses) within one building. For instance, one may have a high-rise
building, where the lower levels are occupied by retail stores, whereas the upper levels could be residential.
Different occupancies within one building are separated by a
fire barrier with a defined
fire-resistance rating. It is common for a penetration, such as a fire door, to have a fire protection rating lower than the wall fire resistance rating in which it's installed. For example, a two-hour fire separation normally requires fire doors rated at 90-minutes.
For some high challenge occupancies the code requirements for an occupancy separation are more stringent than for other fire-barriers, even with an identical fire-resistance rating. In this case, an occupancy separation with a two-hour fire-resistance rating may not be able to
de-rate its
closures, such
fire doors or
firestops. For example, a two-hour rated
high challenge fire wall requires 2 hr rated fire doors.
Firestops in occupancy separations are also more likely to be required not only an equal
fire protection rating (a fire-resistance rating for closures) but must also provide a
temperature rating, such that the components of the firestop systems, including the
penetrants, are not permitted to rise in temperature above 140°C (284°F) on average or 180°C (356°F) on any single point, so as to lower the likelihood of auto-ignition on the unexposed side. In this manner, occupancy separations are treated similarly to
fire walls, which are structurally stable in case of a fire, limiting fire-induced building collapse.
In this sense, there are two occupancies in most
single-family homes: the garage and the living space of the
home. Because
automobile gasoline or
petrol is
flammable, an occupancy separation is often required between the two, should there be a
vehicle fire.
Water heaters and
central heating are often placed in this space as well, for their use of
natural gas,
propane, or other
fossil fuels in
combustion. This also helps to prevent
carbon monoxide poisoning.
Building utilisation
Occupancy can also refer to the number of units in use, such as
hotel rooms,
apartment flats, or
offices. When a
motel is at full (100%) occupancy, a
NO VACANCY neon sign is often turned on (though the sign often still says
VACANCY at other times).
Office buildings and apartments in particular aim for full occupancy, but if too many are built in an area this is often not the case. Completely vacant buildings can also attract
crime, and are eventually targeted for
redevelopment or at least
renovation.
Occupancy can also mean the number of
persons using an undivided space, such as a
meeting room,
ballroom,
auditorium, or
stadium. As with building codes, fire-protection authorities often set a limit on the number of people that can occupy a space, primarily because they must be able to leave the building through the available number of
exits in a reasonable amount of time, without tripping or trampling each other in a
panicked
stampede, possibly blinded by
smoke. The
integrity of a
structure may also be at stake, because too many people will put excessive
weight and other
forces, leading in some cases to a collapse.
An
occupancy sensor is a device that can tell if someone is in a room, and is often used in
home automation and
security systems. These are typically more advanced than
motion sensors, which can only detect
motion.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Occupancy'.
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